Seasonal variations in essential oil of aerial parts and roots of an Artemisia absinthium L. population from a Spanish area with supramediterranean climate (Teruel, Spain)

[EN] The seasonal variation of essential oil composition of aerial parts and roots of Artemisia absinthium L. has been investigated. It was obtained from individuals growing wild in Teruel (Spain) by means of hydrodistillation (aerial parts) or simultaneous distillation extraction (roots), and analyzed by GC/MS and GC/FID. Results showed a predominance of oxygenated monoterpenes (81.4-89.1%) in aerial parts; mainly (Z)-epoxyocimene (49.3-71.5%), (Z)-chrysanthemyl acetate (7.6-18%) and linalool (0.7-10.4%). In spite of the high intrapopulational variability, significant variations were observed for these three compounds. Root essential oil composition showed a high amount of hydrocarbon monoterpenes (43.8-55.1%) and monoterpenic esters (36.6-41.5%) with a noticeable seasonal stability except for some allelopathic oxygenated monoterpenes. As A. absinthium is a typical invasive species, knowing the seasonal variations of these compounds may be a first step to study their release in soil as a source for natural herbicides.Llorens Molina, JA.; Vacas González, S. (2015). Seasonal variations in essential oil of aerial parts and roots of an Artemisia absinthium L. population from a Spanish area with supramediterranean climate (Teruel, Spain). Journal of Essential Oil Research. 27(5):395-405. doi:10.1080/10412905.2015.1043400S395405275Ariño, A., Arberas, I., Renobales, G., Arriaga, S., & Dominguez, J. B. (1999). Essential Oil ofArtemisia absinthiumL. from the Spanish Pyrenees. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 11(2), 182-184. doi:10.1080/10412905.1999.9701105Abad, M. J., Bedoya, L. M., Apaza, L., & Bermejo, P. (2012). The Artemisia L. Genus: A Review of Bioactive Essential Oils. Molecules, 17(3), 2542-2566. doi:10.3390/molecules17032542Blagojević, P., Radulović, N., Palić, R., & Stojanović, G. (2006). Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of Serbian Wild-GrowingArtemisia absinthiumandArtemisia vulgaris. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(13), 4780-4789. doi:10.1021/jf060123oRezaeinodehi, A., & Khangholi, S. (2008). Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Artemisia absinthium Growing Wild in Iran. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 11(6), 946-949. doi:10.3923/pjbs.2008.946.949Carnat, A.-P., Madesclaire, M., Chavignon, O., & Lamaison, J.-L. (1992). cis-Chrysanthenol, A Main Component in Essential Oil ofArtemisia absinthiumL. Growing in Auvergne (Massif Central), France. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 4(5), 487-490. doi:10.1080/10412905.1992.9698115Lopes-Lutz, D., Alviano, D. S., Alviano, C. S., & Kolodziejczyk, P. P. (2008). Screening of chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Artemisia essential oils. Phytochemistry, 69(8), 1732-1738. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.02.014Basta, A., Tzakou, O., Couladis, M., & Pavlović, M. (2007). Chemical Composition ofArtemisia absinthiumL. from Greece. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 19(4), 316-318. doi:10.1080/10412905.2007.9699291Ariño, A., Arberas, I., Renobales, G., Arriaga, S., & Domínguez, J. B. (1999). Seasonal Variation in Wormwood (Artemisia absinthiumL.) Essential Oil Composition. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 11(5), 619-622. doi:10.1080/10412905.1999.9701226Goel, D., Goel, R., Singh, V., Ali, M., Mallavarapu, G. R., & Kumar, S. (2007). Composition of the essential oil from the root of Artemisia annua. Journal of Natural Medicines, 61(4), 458-461. doi:10.1007/s11418-007-0175-2Mirjalili, B. F., Meybody, M. H. H., Ardakani, M. M., Rustaiyan, A., Ameri, N., Masoudi, S., & Bamoniri, A. (2006). Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil from Aerial Parts, Leaves, Flowers and Roots ofArtemisia persicaBoiss. from Iran. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 18(5), 544-547. doi:10.1080/10412905.2006.9699162Jassbi, A. R., Zamanizadehnajari, S., & Baldwin, I. T. (2010). Phytotoxic Volatiles in the Roots and Shoots of Artemisia tridentata as Detected by Headspace Solid-phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatographic-mass Spectrometry Analysis. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 36(12), 1398-1407. doi:10.1007/s10886-010-9885-0De Almeida, L. F. R., Frei, F., Mancini, E., De Martino, L., & De Feo, V. (2010). Phytotoxic Activities of Mediterranean Essential Oils. Molecules, 15(6), 4309-4323. doi:10.3390/molecules15064309Zahed, N., Hosni, K., Ben Brahim, N., Kallel, M., & Sebei, H. (2010). Allelopathic effect of Schinus molle essential oils on wheat germination. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 32(6), 1221-1227. doi:10.1007/s11738-010-0492-zYoung, G. P., & Bush, J. K. (2009). Assessment of the Allelopathic Potential of Juniperus ashei on Germination and Growth of Bouteloua curtipendula. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 35(1), 74-80. doi:10.1007/s10886-008-9585-1Not Available, N. A., & Duke, S. O. (2003). Ecophysiological aspects of allelopathy. Planta, 217(4), 529-539. doi:10.1007/s00425-003-1054-zAbrahim, D., Braguini, W. L., Kelmer-Bracht, A. M., & Ishii-Iwamoto, E. L. (2000). Journal of Chemical Ecology, 26(3), 611-624. doi:10.1023/a:100546790329

Uso de semioquímicos en el control de plagas. Estudios básicos y de aplicación

Los semioquímicos son sustancias implicadas en la comunicación entre seres vivos. En el caso de los insectos, pueden ser herramientas de gran utilidad en la lucha contra plagas, como alternativas a la aplicación de insecticidas convencionales. Son sustancias de gran selectividad y muy activas a baja dosis. Los semioquímicos (feromonas y aleloquímicos) se emplean en el control de plagas tanto para la detección y seguimiento de poblaciones como, de forma directa, en las técnicas de confusión sexual, trampeo masivo y atracción y muerte, entre otras. En la presente tesis se describe la búsqueda y aplicación de semioquímicos para el control de diversas plagas de importancia agronómica, estudiando tres aspectos fundamentales. En primer lugar, el desarrollo y aplicación de la técnica de confusión sexual contra Aonidiella aurantii y Tuta absoluta. En el caso de A. aurantii, se trata de la primera aplicación eficaz de esta técnica contra una plaga de diaspinos y en el caso de T. absoluta, se establecen las condiciones para la aplicación de tratamientos eficaces de confusión sexual. En segundo lugar, se ha estudiado la existencia de valores óptimos de emisión para sistemas basados en la atracción de insectos, aplicado a las plagas Chilo suppressalis, Lobesia botrana, Bactrocera oleae y Ceratitis capitata. En el caso de los lepidópteros C. suppressalis y L. botrana y del tefrítido B. oleae se demostró que la atracción de machos se ve afectada por el nivel de emisión de feromona, de forma que velocidades de emisión por encima y por debajo del nivel óptimo obtenido tienen menor poder atrayente. Sin embargo, respecto a C. capitata, y su paraferomona trimedlure, su respuesta es de tipo asintótico, no se encontró un nivel óptimo y por tanto, mayores dosis de paraferomona atraían al mismo número de machos. La obtención de emisores con velocidades de emisión óptimas es un aspecto poco estudiado en la literatura científica que, sin embargo, es esencial para el desarrollo de los métodos de control basados en la atracción. Como tercera parte de esta tesis, se estudiaron detalladamente los compuestos emitidos por machos y hembras de C. capitata en diversos estadios, para intentar establecer compuestos y mezclas con posible poder atrayente. Para este trabajo se ha utilizado la técnica de microextracción en fase sólida, no empleada hasta el momento para este problema, y la metodología estadística del análisis de componentes principales. La disponibilidad de atrayentes eficaces para hembras de C. capitata supondría una gran ventaja para el control de esta plaga.Vacas González, S. (2011). Uso de semioquímicos en el control de plagas. Estudios básicos y de aplicación [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/12499Palanci

Essential oil composition of berries of Juniperus oxycedrus L. ssp. oxycedrus according to their ripening stage

[EN] Some essential oils (EOs) can be extracted from berries of different species, and their composition depends on their maturation level. In this work, these parameters were correlated forJuniperus oxycedrusL ssp.oxycedrus. For this purpose, a classification method based on the CIE L*a*b* colour measurement was applied. Once the samples were classified, they were subjected to simultaneous distillation extraction and gas chromatography (GC/FID and GC/MS). Hydrocarbon monoterpenes constituted the major fraction (42.8-89.8%), mainly represented by -pinene (30.1-66.4%) and myrcene (6.1-34.8%). Hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes accounted for 4.0-26.4%, with germacrene-D (0.2-16.9%) as the major component. The discriminant analysis proved that CIE L*a*b* implementation was useful to classify the ripening stage. Regarding the EO composition, significant differences were observed in myrcene, camphor and germacrene-D, as well as in the grouped oxygenated and hydrocarbon terpenoids. In general, a progressive increase in oxygenated compounds was noted over the maturation process.Llorens Molina, JA.; Ygueravide, B.; Vacas, S. (2019). Essential oil composition of berries of Juniperus oxycedrus L. ssp. oxycedrus according to their ripening stage. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 31(4):276-285. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2019.1583140S27628531

Improvements in Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) Trapping Systems

[EN] Improved trap efficacy is crucial for implementing control methods for red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier; Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), based on trapping systems, such as mass trapping, attract and infect or attract and sterilize techniques. Although new trap designs have been proposed and aggregation pheromone dispensers have been optimized, aspects such as the use of co-attractants (molasses) and trap placement are still not well defined and standardized. The efficacy of three concentrations of molasses and different formulations to reduce water evaporation in traps was studied in different field trials to improve trapping systems and to prolong trap servicing periods. In addition, the performance of installing groups of traps or single traps was also evaluated with the aim of improving the attracted/captured weevils ratio. Our results showed that captures increased when molasses were added at 15% to the water contained in the trap and that a thin layer of oil, created by adding 2-3% of paraffinic oil to water, was able to effectively reduce evaporation and prolong trap servicing periods. Moreover, 3.5-fold more weevils were captured when placing five traps instead of one at the same trapping point. Results obtained allow improved efficacy and may have an impact in the economic viability of trapping systems and, therefore, in integrated pest management programs.We want to thank Vicente Dalmau from Conselleria de Agricultura, Peixca i Alimentacio (GVA) and Jose Juan Lopez from TRAGSA for their help and technical assistance in field trials. Also, we want to thank Helen Warburton for English editing. The research leading to these results has received funding from the 7th European Union Framework Programme under grant agreement FP7 KBBE 2011-5-289566 (PALM PROTECT).Navarro-Llopis, V.; Primo Millo, J.; Vacas, S. (2018). Improvements in Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) Trapping Systems. Journal of Economic Entomology. 111(3):1298-1305. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toy065S12981305111

Influence of pheromone emission on the attraction of California red scale males in citrus orchards

[EN] Attraction of California red scale males, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), to different release rates of the sex pheromone compound 3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-9-decen-1-yl acetate was evaluated in field trials. This study was aimed to study pheromone emission-response correlations and the existence of an optimum release rate that maximizes trapping efficacy. Release profiles of the pheromone dispensers deployed were determined by gas chromatography to estimate the various emission rates tested. The results reveal that the mean number of A. aurantii males caught correlates with the daily pheromone release rates by means of a quadratic model. The obtained model indicates the existence of a relative maximum of the captures corresponding to an optimum release rate of ca. 300 mu g/day. Higher emission rates (up to 1 g/day) resulted in lower captures. Implications for the mating disruption technique are discussed.The research leading to these results received funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [project number AGL2009-10725].Vacas González, S.; Primo Millo, J.; Navarro-Llopis, V. (2017). Influence of pheromone emission on the attraction of California red scale males in citrus orchards. International Journal of Pest Management. 63(1):10-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670874.2016.1209253S1017631Anshelevich, L., Kehat, M., Dunkelblum, E., & Greenberg, S. (1994). Sex Pheromone Traps for Monitoring the European Vine Moth,Lobesia botrana: Effect of Dispenser Type, Pheromone Dose, Field Aging of Dispenser, and Type of Trap on Male Captures. Phytoparasitica, 22(4), 281-290. doi:10.1007/bf02980529Carde, R. T., & Minks, A. K. (1995). Control of Moth Pests by Mating Disruption: Successes and Constraints. Annual Review of Entomology, 40(1), 559-585. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.40.010195.003015Domínguez-Ruiz, J., Sanchis, J., Navarro-Llopis, V., & Primo, J. (2008). A New Long-Life Trimedlure Dispenser for Mediterranean Fruit Fly. Journal of Economic Entomology, 101(4), 1325-1330. doi:10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[1325:anltdf]2.0.co;2Gardner, P. D., Ervin, R. T., Moreno, D. S., & Baritelle, L. (1983). California Red Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae): Cost Analysis of A Pheromone Monitoring Program1. Journal of Economic Entomology, 76(3), 601-604. doi:10.1093/jee/76.3.601Gieselmann, M. J., Henrick, C. A., Anderson, R. J., Moreno, D. S., & Roelofs, W. L. (1980). Responses of male California red scale to sex pheromone isomers. Journal of Insect Physiology, 26(3), 179-182. doi:10.1016/0022-1910(80)90078-5Grout, T. G., Toit, D. W. J., Hofmeyr, J. H., & Richards, G. I. (1989). California Red Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) Phenology on Citrus in South Africa. Journal of Economic Entomology, 82(3), 793-798. doi:10.1093/jee/82.3.793Grout, T. G., & Richards, G. I. (1991). Value of pheromone traps for predicting infestations of red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hom., Diaspididae), limited by natural enemy activity and insecticides used to control citrus thrips, Scirtothrips aurantii Faure (Thys., Thripidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 111(1-5), 20-27. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.1991.tb00290.xJacobson, M., & Beroza, M. (1964). Insect Attractants. Scientific American, 211(2), 20-27. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0864-20Kennett, C. E., & Hoffmann, R. W. (1985). Seasonal Development of the California Red Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in San Joaquin Valley Citrus Based on Degree-Day Accumulation. Journal of Economic Entomology, 78(1), 73-79. doi:10.1093/jee/78.1.73Knutson, A. E., Harris, M. K., & Millar, J. G. (1998). Effects of Pheromone Dose, Lure Age, and Trap Design on Capture of Male Pecan Nut Casebearer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Pheromone-Baited Traps. Journal of Economic Entomology, 91(3), 715-722. doi:10.1093/jee/91.3.715McDonough, L. M., Brown, D. F., & Aller, W. C. (1989). Insect sex pheromones. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 15(3), 779-790. doi:10.1007/bf01015176McLaughlin, J. R. (1990). Behavioral response of male white peach scale to the sex pheromone, (R,Z)-3,9,-dimethyl-6-isopropenyl-3,9-decadien-1-ol propionate and corresponding alcohol. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 16(3), 749-756. doi:10.1007/bf01016486Moreno, D. S., Carman, G. E., & Bain, N. S. (1972). Extraction and Bioassay of, and Effect of Solvents on, the Sex Pheromone of the Yellow Scale1, 2. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 65(5), 1061-1064. doi:10.1093/aesa/65.5.1061Moreno, D. S., Fargerlund, J., & Shaw, J. G. (1973). California Red Scale: Captures of Males in Modified Pheromone Traps13. Journal of Economic Entomology, 66(6), 1333-1333. doi:10.1093/jee/66.6.1333Moreno, D. S., & Kennett, C. E. (1985). Predictive Year-end California Red Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) Orange Fruit Infestations Based on Catches of Males in the San Joaquin Valley. Journal of Economic Entomology, 78(1), 1-9. doi:10.1093/jee/78.1.1Navarro-Llopis, V., Sanchis, J., Primo-Millo, J., & Primo-Yúfera, E. (2007). Chemosterilants as control agents of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in field trials. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 97(4), 359-368. doi:10.1017/s0007485307005081Rice, R. E., & Moreno, D. S. (1970). Flight of Male California Red Scale1,2,3. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 63(1), 91-96. doi:10.1093/aesa/63.1.91Rice, R. E., & Moreno, D. S. (1969). Marking and Recapture of California Red Scale1 for Field Studies3,4. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62(3), 558-560. doi:10.1093/aesa/62.3.558Rice, R. E., & Hoyt, S. C. (1980). Response of San Jose Scale 1 to Natural and Synthetic Sex Pheromones. Environmental Entomology, 9(2), 190-194. doi:10.1093/ee/9.2.190ROELOFS, W. L., GIESELMANN, M. J., CARDÉ, A. M., TASHIRO, H., MORENO, D. S., HENRICK, C. A., & ANDERSON, R. J. (1977). Sex pheromone of the California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii. Nature, 267(5613), 698-699. doi:10.1038/267698a0Roelofs, W., Gieselmann, M., Card�, A., Tashiro, H., Moreno, D. S., Henrick, C. A., & Anderson, R. J. (1978). Identification of the California red scale sex pheromone. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 4(2), 211-224. doi:10.1007/bf00988056Samways, M. J. (1988). Comparative monitoring of red scaleAonidiella aurantii(Mask.) (Hom., Diaspididae) and itsAphytisspp. (Hym., Aphelinidae) parasitoids. Journal of Applied Entomology, 105(1-5), 483-489. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.1988.tb00214.xShaw, J. G., Moreno, D. S., & Fargerlund, J. (1971). Virgin Female California Red Scales Used to Detect Infestations13. Journal of Economic Entomology, 64(5), 1305-1306. doi:10.1093/jee/64.5.1305Tashiro, H., & Chambers, D. L. (1967). Reproduction in the California Red Scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Homoptera: Diaspididae). I. Discovery and Extraction of a Female Sex Pheromone1,2. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 60(6), 1166-1170. doi:10.1093/aesa/60.6.1166Vacas, S., Alfaro, C., Navarro-Llopis, V., & Primo, J. (2009). The first account of the mating disruption technique for the control of California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii Maskell (Homoptera: Diaspididae) using new biodegradable dispensers. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 99(4), 415-423. doi:10.1017/s0007485308006470Vacas, S., Alfaro, C., Navarro-Llopis, V., Zarzo, M., & Primo, J. (2009). Study on the Optimum Pheromone Release Rate for Attraction of Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 102(3), 1094-1100. doi:10.1603/029.102.0330Vacas, S., Alfaro, C., Navarro-Llopis, V., & Primo, J. (2010). Mating disruption of California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii Maskell (Homoptera: Diaspididae), using biodegradable mesoporous pheromone dispensers. Pest Management Science, 66(7), 745-751. doi:10.1002/ps.1937Vacas, S., Alfaro, C., Primo, J., & Navarro-Llopis, V. (2014). Deployment of mating disruption dispensers before and after first seasonal male flights for the control of Aonidiella aurantii in citrus. Journal of Pest Science, 88(2), 321-329. doi:10.1007/s10340-014-0623-1Vacas, S., Miñarro, M., Bosch, M. D., Primo, J., & Navarro-Llopis, V. (2013). Studies on the Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Response to Different Codlemone Release Rates. Environmental Entomology, 42(6), 1383-1389. doi:10.1603/en13114Zhang, A., & Amalin, D. (2005). Sex Pheromone of the Female Pink Hibiscus Mealybug,Maconellicoccus hirsutus(Green) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae): Biological Activity Evaluation. Environmental Entomology, 34(2), 264-270. doi:10.1603/0046-225x-34.2.26

Influence of weather conditions on Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) mating disruption dispensers' emission rates and efficacy

[EN] Passive dispensers are the most widely used dispensers to control the European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), by mating disruption (MD). Although their efficacy is well-proven, efforts are needed to reduce the use of pheromone without compromising efficacy and to allow lower MD costs. For this purpose, two different widely employed dispenser types in Europe against this pest (Ampoule and Rope dispensers) were evaluated in the field to verify their performance (emission rates and efficacy) in relation to weather conditions. Their release profiles were studied by extracting and quantifying the residual pheromone load over time by gas chromatography. Dispensers' performance in relation to weather conditions was then assessed by correlating the daily emission rates with the mean daily values of several of these variables. Although both dispenser types were efficient in controlling L. botrana populations and reducing fruit damage, their pheromone content and their release rates differed at the end of the crop cycle. The Ampoule dispensers emitted lower amounts of pheromone throughout the study period, whereas the Rope dispensers¿ emissions were weather-dependent, with higher emission rates at higher mean temperatures and wind speeds. Our results showed that the current commercial MD dispensers could be improved by adjusting their release rates to better reflect actual pheromone requirements.Authors would like to thank Celler del Roure winery (Mogente, Valencia) and Emilio Giménez (Venta del Moro) for providing field study vineyards. This research received funding from Conselleria de Agricultura, Desarrollo Rural, Emergencia Climática y Transicion Ecologica (Generalitat Valenciana) under grant agreement S8456000. We are also grateful to Ana Castellar and Helen Warburton for language editing. Funding for open access charge: CRUE-Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia.Gavara, A.; Navarro-Llopis, V.; Primo Millo, J.; Vacas, S. (2022). Influence of weather conditions on Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) mating disruption dispensers' emission rates and efficacy. Crop Protection. 155:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2022.105926S1815

Essential oil composition of leaves of Pistacia lentiscus L. growing wild in Valencia (Spain)

[EN] Pistacia lentiscus L. grows wild in a wide range of habitats in Mediterranean countries. The essential oil (EO) composition of its aerial parts has been extensively studied showing noticeable differences according to plant organ (leaves and twigs or fruits), geographical origin and harvest time. In this study, EO composition of leaves of samples coming from two representative habitats from Valencia (Spain) -siliceous (Segart) and calcicolous (Xeraco) soils-were determined by GC/MS and GC/FID. Hydrocarbon monoterpenes was found the major fraction (57.5 %) in calcicolous soil, whereas hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes was in siliceous soil (39.9 %). Oxygenated monoterpenes reached a significant higher amount in leaves from siliceous location (11.2 %) as against calcicolous one (6.7 %). The rate of oxygenated sesquiterpenes was also higher in siliceous soil (15.2 % in contrast to 1.6 % in calcicolous one. These results lead to consider soil parameters as hypothetical source of EO composition variability being the target for further researches.Llorens Molina, JA.; Vacas González, S.; Sabater Martínez, J. (2015). Essential oil composition of leaves of Pistacia lentiscus L. growing wild in Valencia (Spain). Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils. 2(4):17-26. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/70897S17262

Seasonal variation of Thymus piperella L. essential oil composition. Relationship among ¿-terpinene, p-cymene and carvacrol

[EN] A wild population of Thymus piperella L. was monitored for two years in order to correlate phenological stages and meteorological data with yield and, essential oil (EO) composition. The plant material was extracted by hydrodistillation and the EO was submitted to GC-MS and GC-FID analysis. To achieve reliable quantification, relative response factors were applied. The results showed a progressive increase in the proportion of carvacrol according to the sunlight duration and temperature increase, until reaching a maximum at the beginning of flowering stage (52.9 % and 41.0 % in 2018 and 2019, respectively). A simultaneous decrease was found in the amount of p-cymene (8.2 % and 12.8 % respectively) in the same stage, whereas gamma-terpinene showed a similar evolution to that observed for carvacrol but with lower values (3.3 % - 14.6 %). From statistical analysis, significant changes in the relative proportions of carvacrol and its metabolic precursors: gamma-terpinene and p-cymene were found. They have been explained based on the proposed metabolic pathways in the literature. On the other hand, when relating the changes in the EO profiles with rainfall data, a strong influence of the water supply on the evolution of the chemical composition was observed.Llorens Molina, JA.; Vacas, S.; Escrivá, N.; Verdeguer Sancho, MM. (2022). Seasonal variation of Thymus piperella L. essential oil composition. Relationship among ¿-terpinene, p-cymene and carvacrol. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 34(6):502-513. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2022.210319150251334

Airborne Pheromone Quantification in Treated Vineyards with Different Mating Disruption Dispensers against Lobesia botrana

[EN] Mating disruption (MD) is widely used against the European grapevine moth (EGVM), Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermuller; Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), by installing passive dispensers or aerosol devices. The present work reports a new sampling and quantification methodology to obtain absolute data about field airborne pheromone concentration based on air samplings and sensitive chromatographic-spectroscopic methods. Samplings were performed in fields treated with passive dispensers or aerosol devices at different moments throughout the crop cycle to study how they act and how the disruption is triggered. Moreover, pheromone adsorption and releasing capacity of vine leaves were studied to elucidate their role in the disruption. Although both types of dispensers were effective in limiting the damage inflicted by EGVM, they performed differently and provided different airborne pheromone concentration profiles. Results also proved that leaves were able to adsorb and release part of the airborne pheromone acting as subsequent and additional pheromone sources. This fact could explain the different concentration profiles. Moreover, our results suggest that lower pheromone emission than that of the current passive dispensers still could provide an adequate performance in the field. Competitive mechanisms involved in MD using both dispensers, the dynamics of the airborne pheromone throughout the time and the importance of the canopy are discussed.This research received funding from Conselleria de Agricultura, Medio Ambiente, Cambio Climatico y Desarrollo Rural (Generalitat Valenciana) under grant agreement S8456000.Gavara, A.; Vacas, S.; Navarro, I.; Primo Millo, J.; Navarro-Llopis, V. (2020). Airborne Pheromone Quantification in Treated Vineyards with Different Mating Disruption Dispensers against Lobesia botrana. 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Mating disruption of California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii Maskell (Homoptera: Diaspididae), using biodegradable mesoporous pheromone dispensers

[EN] BACKGROUND: The control of California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), has encountered many difficulties, which has raised interest in alternative control methods. Up to now, the A. aurantii sex pheromone has been used only for monitoring. In a previous work the authors described a biodegradable mesoporous pheromone dispenser for mating disruption. To verify the efficacy of these dispensers, three field trials were conducted, and the results are shown in this paper. RESULTS: The study of the release profile of these dispensers revealed a mean pheromone emission value of 269 mu g day(-1) and levels of residual pheromone of 10% at the end of 250 days. During the second flight, an A. aurantii male catch reduction of 98% was achieved in the mating disruption plot of trial 1,93.5% in trial 2 and 76.7% in trial 3. During the third flight, reductions were 94.1, 82.9 and 68.1% in trials 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Considering damaged fruit with more than five scales, reductions of about 80 and 60% were obtained in the mating disruption plots of trials 2 and 3, respectively, compared with an untreated plot, and a reduction of about 70% in trial 1 compared with an oil-treated plot. CONCLUSION: Mating disruption has been found to be an efficient technique to control this pest, working equally well to a correctly sprayed oil treatment. Further studies are needed to improve the determination of the time of dispenser application and evaluate the effects of the pheromone on natural enemies. (C) 2010 Society of Chemical IndustryThe authors are grateful to Ernesto Machancoses and Vicente Morato (Picasent) and to Antonio Caballero from Rio Tinto Fruits ´ for facilitating study orchards and assisting with the collection of trapping data. This research has been supported by Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología project number AGL 2009-10725.Vacas González, S.; Alfaro Cañamás, C.; Navarro-Llopis, V.; Primo Millo, J. (2010). Mating disruption of California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii Maskell (Homoptera: Diaspididae), using biodegradable mesoporous pheromone dispensers. Pest Management Science. 66(7):745-751. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1937S74575166